Andrew Ng identifies electricity and semiconductor supply as major bottlenecks in AI development, with China's industrial strategy outpacing Western infrastructure growth. Open-weight models are emerging as tools of geopolitical influence, enhancing national competitiveness and soft power, while U.S. chip export controls have inadvertently accelerated China’s domestic innovation. Although AI talent commands high valuations, the true economic upside lies in productivity gains across industries, potentially boosting GDP by up to 6%. The application layer is proving most valuable, with practical AI agents already streamlining legal, compliance, and coding workflows. Despite concerns about thin margins and defensibility, sustainable AI businesses are emerging through efficiency and user-centric design. Ng dismisses near-term AGI hype, emphasizing augmented intelligence over automation. He also challenges the notion of an AI bubble, noting strong ROI at the application level, and predicts a structural shift from human labor budgets to AI investment as organizations adapt to this new paradigm.